What is law of mass action in semiconductor?

The law of mass action in semiconductors explains the relationship between the concentration of electrons, holes, and dopants in a semiconductor material and the resulting electrical properties of that material. It states that at thermal equilibrium, the product of the concentrations of electrons and holes in the material is equal to the product of the concentrations of the dopants. This law is based on the principle of conservation of charge and helps to describe the relationship between current flow and the concentration of impurities or dopants in the semiconductor material. The law of mass action is widely used in the design and production of semiconductor devices, such as diodes, transistors, and integrated circuits. By controlling the concentration of dopants, it is possible to adjust the electrical properties of the semiconductor, allowing it to function as a conductor, insulator, or semiconductor.